Conflict of Interest

PRISMA requires all parties involved in the publication process to disclose conflicts of interest that could affect the objectivity of the research or editorial decisions.

Conflicts of interest may be financial, professional, personal, academic, or institutional.

Authors must disclose all funding sources and interests relevant to the conduct or reporting of the research.

Reviewers must disclose conflicts of interest to the editor and decline an assignment when a relationship could compromise their independence.

Editors must not handle decisions on manuscripts in which personal interests or professional relationships could affect objectivity.

Manuscripts written by members of the editorial team must be handled by another independent editor.

All publication decisions are based on academic quality and peer-review outcomes, not on personal relationships, commercial interests, or institutional affiliations.