Correction and Retraction

PRISMA is responsible for maintaining the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of all published articles.

If an error or violation is discovered after publication, the editor evaluates its nature and impact.

a. Correction

A correction is issued for errors that do not invalidate the overall reliability of the research, such as limited errors in data, calculations, tables, figures, or important bibliographic information. Substantive corrections are published transparently and linked to the original article.

b. Expression of Concern

An editorial expression of concern is published when there are serious concerns about the integrity or reliability of an article while an investigation has not yet reached a final conclusion.

c. Retraction

Retraction is applied when an article is proven to contain serious errors, unreliable data, substantial plagiarism, or ethical violations that invalidate the reliability of the research findings.

d. Removal

Access to an article is removed only in exceptional circumstances, such as a legal obligation, a safety risk, or a serious privacy violation.

Retracted articles remain in the scholarly record with a clear status notice unless a specific reason requires access to be restricted.

All correction and retraction actions follow principles of transparency and COPE guidelines.